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年长人士应注意吃够蛋白质

09 Aug 2022
年长人士应注意吃够蛋白质

蛋白质与我们的健康息息相关。随着年龄的增长,我们体内的蛋白质却在不断流失。因此,与年轻人相比,年长者更需要补充蛋白质。足够的蛋白质可以帮助年长者更好地保持肌肉量和活动能力,以维持一定的生活质量。充足的蛋白质还有助于提高身体的免疫力,帮助年长者更快地从疾病中康复。
 

然而,由于咀嚼吞咽功能不佳、味觉退化等原因,年长者常会出现食欲不好、吃不下的情况,结果导致营养不均衡、蛋白质摄入不足。而长期患病、代谢状况改变等因素又使得年长者对蛋白质的需求增加。因此,蛋白质营养不良的现象在年长者中非常普遍。据报道1,在蛋白质摄入不足的65岁及以上的新加坡人中,每五个人中就有四人面临营养不良的风险和肌肉量缺乏问题,并且这群人更容易受伤和摔倒。除此之外,蛋白质营养不良还可能延长年长者住院时间、增加术后并发症、感染的可能性,严重影响了年长者的生活质量以及健康寿命。因此,年长者一定要注意摄取足够的蛋白质。
 

蛋白质从哪里来?

优质蛋白质的食物包括动物性食品和植物性食品。

 
动物蛋白包括:

  • 家禽,如去皮的鸡、鸭和火鸡肉
  • 肉类,如牛肉、羊肉和猪肉
  • 鱼和海鲜
  • 奶与奶制品如奶酪
  • 鸡蛋

 

记得要尽量选择低脂肪的食物,如去皮的鸡肉、瘦肉和低脂牛奶。
 
植物蛋白包括:

  • 毛豆(edamame)、黑豆、黄豆及豆制品如豆腐、腐竹


除此之外,坚果如杏仁以及各种杂豆如红豆、绿豆、小扁豆(lentil)、腰豆等也是不错的选择。

 

每天应该吃多少蛋白质? 
 

保健促进局建议,为确保从饮食中获得足够的蛋白质,50岁及以上成年人每日应摄取三份鱼/肉或替代品,并且其中一份应该是奶制品或含钙较高的食物。一份的范例如下:

  • 一片掌心大小的瘦肉、鱼或禽肉(90克)
  • 二杯低脂奶(500毫升)
  • 二小块豆腐(170克)
  • 五只中等大小的虾(90克)
  • ¾杯煮熟的豆类 (120克)
  • 三粒鸡蛋(150克)

GentleFoods 食品中,Pureed Chicken Rice Petite Meal, Pureed Chicken / Fish Petite Meal中的鱼/肉份量都接近‘一份’的标准。 

如何补充蛋白质?

  1. 尽量摄取各种各样的高质量蛋白质,这样才不会因为重复吃同样的食品而感到厌倦。
  2. 保证每餐都有一份蛋白质的食物,而不是把这些食物集中在一餐。
  3. 搭配食用动物蛋白和植物蛋白,这样可以大大提高食物蛋白的消化吸收。
  4. 如果咀嚼功能较差或消化不好,可以优先选择容易消化的鱼、虾,或者事先将鸡肉、猪肉等切碎、搅烂再烹饪。
  5. 准备一些富含蛋白质的点心、零食,随时补充蛋白质,比如优格(yoghurt)、豆花或GentleFoods高蛋白浓汤。

当然,除了摄取足够蛋白质,年长者也应当注意其它营养如膳食纤维的摄取。因为只有营养均衡,身体才会健康。


参考资料

Cheryl Tan & Shabana Begum 2021, The Straits Times,

<https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/4-in-5-elderly-singaporeans-who-are-at-risk-of-malnutrition-have-low-muscle-mass-study>

 

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